Midwifery and International Maternity Care
Editor’s note: This article first appeared in Midwifery Today, Issue 75, Winter 2005.
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We Americans are consumed with the need to believe that we are number one. But here’s a wrenching fact: 41 countries have better infant mortality rates than the US. (The World Fact Book, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/) In 2002 our infant mortality rate went up, not down.
What about these infants’ mothers? Women in the United States are 70% more likely to die in childbirth than women in Europe. Although we are in no position to export our style of health care, finding examples in many countries where we have influenced the way of caring for pregnant and birthing women and their babies is not hard.
The Global Evolution of Birthing Practices
In order to understand why exporting a very flawed US maternity care system is a global disaster, we need to begin by looking at the evolution of maternity care practices. This evolution of global birthing practices is diagrammed in the graph below.
Two hundred years ago midwives were autonomous care providers who assisted women during childbirth. Essentially, the woman and midwife worked together without outside interference. Then as men and doctors began to interfere in childbirth and childbirth came under the control of doctors and hospitals, both the woman and the midwife gradually but surely lost more and more of their autonomy. Under this model, birthing women are no longer allowed to decide what happens during their pregnancy and birth and midwives are nothing more than slaves to the doctors. Today, urban areas in developing countries are in this early part of the evolution of maternity care. This is what one sees in those parts of the world where the West has been able to penetrate, such as big cities and in places like China, Russia and much of Latin America, where they are so eager to be “modern.”
When the more highly developed countries reach the bottom—the point in the evolution of maternity care where birthing women and midwives have absolutely no autonomy—something extraordinary happens. When things get really bad and women’s reproductive freedoms are abused severely enough, some precipitating factor or factors finally make women and midwives sufficiently angry to take action. Then a long, difficult process of regaining their autonomy begins.
One of the lessons from this circle of evolution of birthing practices is the interrelationship between the autonomy of women and the autonomy of midwives. Simply put—without the autonomy of women, midwives will have no autonomy; and without the autonomy of midwives, the autonomy of women is much more difficult to achieve. Autonomous women understand that their feelings of strength and freedom are closely tied to having control of their bodies, including control of their reproduction and childbirth.
Midwives know that in this modern world they will never have autonomy without the full support of the women in society. This is why the quality of maternity care in any country is closely tied to the level of autonomy of women and midwives. As women and midwives struggle up the right side of the circle of evolution of birthing practices and regain more autonomy, the quality of maternity care simultaneously improves. It is no accident that in Western Europe, a gradient of women’s autonomy exists, from great autonomy in the North to very little autonomy in the South. The autonomy of midwives parallels this, affecting the quality of the maternity care in Europe.
To Americans used to thinking of themselves as number one, the position of the US in the circle of evolution of birthing practices may come as a surprise. While women in the US have made enormous strides in their status in society, when it comes to maternity services, American women have made little progress.
The most recent women’s movement in the US focused on the workplace and economic equality. It also placed emphasis on knowing one’s body and on certain women’s health issues, such as cervical and breast cancer, and eating disorders. All of these issues are very important but, for whatever reasons, the women’s movement in America has unquestionably neglected issues of maternity care. As a result, today in the US many pregnant women are still too willing to put themselves in the hands of doctors and say: “take care of me.”
Consequently, pregnant and birthing women in the US have limited information and limited choices, and their sisters, the midwives, also have little autonomy—hence the ranking on the circle of evolution. One of the main reasons that obstetrics in the US is out of control in terms of excessive unnecessary interventions is because obstetricians do not have the restraining influence of a strong midwifery profession found in other industrialized countries.
The greatest danger with Western, medicalized management of birth is its widespread export to developing countries. For example, scientific evidence shows that giving routine IV infusion to every woman in labor is unnecessary; but such a practice in a rich country, while a waste of money, is not a tragedy. However, I have seen such routine IV infusion during labor in small rural district hospitals in developing countries where staff reuse disposable needles because the hospitals have so little money, threatening to spread diseases such as AIDS. Clearly, routine IV infusion during labor in developing countries is a tragic waste of extremely limited resources.
Characteristics of Postmodern Humanized Maternity Care
- Care that is fulfilling and empowering both to women and to their care providers
- Care that promotes the active participation and decision-making of women in all aspects of their own care
- Care provided by non-physicians and physicians working together in harmony as equals
- Care that is evidence-based, including evidence-based technology use
- Care in a decentralized system of birth attendants and institutions, with high priority given to community-based primary care
- Care with cost benefit analysis for financial feasibility
When developing countries adopt Western obstetric practices that are not evidence-based, women there who are not pregnant die of cancers not found early enough because essential screening programs, especially for poor women, are not considered a priority or glamorous enough to fund.
Postmodern Maternity Care
As countries proceed up the circle of evolution of birth practices, and women and midwives gain more and more autonomy, they move to humanize birth. Humanizing birth means understanding that the woman giving birth is a human being, not a machine and not just a container for making babies. Declaring that women—half of all the population—are inferior and inadequate, by taking away their power to give birth, is a tragedy for all of society. On the other hand, respecting women as important and valuable human beings and making certain that their experience while giving birth is fulfilling and empowering is not just a nice extra, it is absolutely essential to making them strong and, therefore, making society strong.
Birth has been taken from the community and slowly but surely changed into hospital-based care during the last hundred years. In humanized birth, the care is given back to the community—back to the woman and her family. Doctors are human; birthing women are human. Countries where birthing practices have evolved into more humanized care have developed systems, with certain criteria, that might be called postmodern maternity services. (See sidebar.)
New Zealand, the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries, among others, have maternity care systems that, while by no means perfect, fulfill most of these criteria. Developing countries should be importing their way of birth rather than the American way.
Other countries, including the US, have achieved some of the criteria and continue working on other criteria in their struggle up the circle of evolution of birth practices.